Shield your PIN from onlookers by covering the keypad while entering the PIN. Ensure to collect your card, cash and receipt, after.Volume Calculations: The following pictorial view of a typical roadway and the associated cross sectional end areas illustrates how the earthwork volumes are computed throughout a typical project.
Cut And Fill Calculations Using Surfer 12 How To Calculate How
To be the easiest to use and most affordable earthwork cut & fill software for. For each cell, add the four corner cut or fill depths together and divide the total by four to determine the average cut or fill depth. For each cell, multiply the average cut or fill depth by the area of the cell in square feet and divide this number by 27 in order to determine the total cut or fill We hope to provide you with the best online clean fill calculator, as well as all relevant information regarding clean fill dirt near you, If you don't know how to calculate how much clean fill dirt you need or have, Use our fill dirt calculator. Our fill calculator can help you figure out how much fill dirt you will need for your construction project.
Hence there is no “d” in the Deep Water equations. Wave Energy = Wind Speed x Wind Duration x Fetch DistanceThese waves will evolve into lines of long waves (called “swell”), which has a long “Period” time between successive waves, so that breaking waves will not interfere with each other.These longer period waves also travel faster, resulting in them producing greater kinetic energy when they eventually reach a shoreline and break.These waves also have their energy extending deeper below the surface of the water, resulting in a bigger wave pushing up at the shoreline which has greater refraction bending which further focuses its energy.There is an extensive system of open Ocean Buoys which continuosly collect data about how high waves are, (the “Amplitude”), and how long it is between successive waves (called “The Period”).The buoy system is used for Tsunami monitoring, and also by maritime agencies to alert rough storm sea conditions to ships at sea.However Surfers also use the publicly available data to predict when powerful waves will reach big wave surf spots such as “Mavericks” in Northern California.Here is a graph produced from ocean buoy measurements of one of the largest storm swells to ever reach the “Mavericks” surf break in California.Image Source: Bells Beach from magicseaweed.comThe shape of the ocean floor and the direction of the wind are the two main factors that cause how a wave breaks or crashes against the shoreline.The best surfing waves are usually caused by underwater features like sand banks, rocky points or reefs.To get the hollow tubes that surfers love, the ocean floor needs to have a steep underwater slope.Waves tend to break more gently and farther out if the slope of the ocean floor is gradual.When the wind blows from the beach out to the sea, it is called “Offshore” and helps to maintain clean glassy waves, which are better to surf.When the wind blows from the ocean to the beach (“Onshore”), or across the beach (“Cross-Shore”), it makes the waves messy and choppy.The key mathematical measurements made on Surf Waves are the following:In water waves, the energy travels but the water does not.The water particles move in small circular motions as each wave passes by.The size of the circular motion decreases as we get deeper below the wave, and dies out at a depth that is equal to half the wavelength.As shown in the previous diagram, the Energy in the wave is stored between the top of the wave and a depth which is about one half the wavelength.When the water depth decreases to be come about half the wavelength, then the wave becomes what is known as a “Shallow Water Wave”.As the water becomes shallower, the wave rises up, it becomes higher, and eventually its potential energy is converted into kinetic energy and we get a breaking wave.Note that in our diagram, we have referred to the speed of the wave as “v”.However, in most diagrams the speed variable is labelled as “c” for “Celerity” which is the term oceanographers use to refer to wave speed.As per our previous diagram, there are three main types of incoming wave:– Transitional where L / 20 < Depth < L / 2The shape of water waves is not actually Sinusoidal, it is Trochoidal.A "Trochoid" can be defined as the curve traced out by a point on a circle as the circle is rolled along a line.The Trochoid shape does approach the sine curve in shape for small amplitudes, found in Deep Water Waves.However at Transitional water depth the shape is different, with a narrowing of the peaks of the trochoid compared to the sinusoid.This narrowing or steepening of the peak becomes more pronounced as the wave amplitude increases, as the wave starts to rear up and break.The Trochoidal shape can be approximated to the shape of the Hyperbolic Tan Function graph, tanh(x) which is shown below.As a result of the wave shape change from approximately sinusoidal, to trochoidal as a wave approaches the shoreline, we end up with three different Wave Speed Formulas, for out three differing water depth wave types.The Speeds of these three wave types have the formulas shown below, where the Speed is assigned the oceanographer’s name of “c” for “Celerity”.Click the above figure to view as enlarged on a separate screen.Some things to note about these equations are the following:1) In Deep Water the celerity, (or speed), is independent of water depth, because deep water waves do not interact with the sea bottom. Copyright Image Purchased by Passy’s World from Dreamstime.comIn this lesson we look at some of the Mathematics associated with Surfing.We cover the Mathematics of Ocean Waves, as well as the physics associated with catching and riding a surfable wave.A knowledge of Mathematics is not required to be a surfer however the mathematics of waves is used for designing artificial surfing reefs, computer wave modelling for testing ship designs, bridges, and coastal construction, and for converting wave energy into electricity.In later lessons we look at the Geometry of Surfboards, as well as the Generation of Electricity from Sea Waves.When wind blows over the vast expanses of open water, it transfers energy to the water surface and creates water waves.Three factors influence how big these waves are:– the distance the wind travels over the water, which is called the “fetch”– the length of time the waves travel forThe amount of energy imparted from Wind to Water is highly efficient, being proportional to the fourth power of wind speed!The biggest surf waves are created by storms a long way from shore, out in the open ocean.These storms are caused by low pressure to high pressure gradient differences, like the gradients that exist between cold air in Alaska and warm Pacific Ocean Air.Storm waves start out as huge, choppy waves, and then gradually join together into strong, smooth separated lines of peaks called “swell”.Large waves with the most energy are formed by strong wind blowing over a long period of time over a long distance (or “fetch”).Eg. 2+00:This calculator is designed to give an approximate volume quantity for fill, gravel, rock or mulch to fill or cover a given area, either generally rectangular or generally round. (You must estimate if the area is oblong.) Enter the width, length, and thickness (how deep you want the cover) of your rectangular area, or enter the diameter and depth (of the cover) of your circular area, click on whether you are measuring each designation in feet or inches (they do not all have to be the same), then click Calculate.
For example, when a tsunami with a wave length of 200 km passes over a depth of 4 km (the average depth of the oceans) the relative depth is d/L=.02. Because of their long wavelengths, tsunamis often satisfy the criterion for shallow-water waves. Seismic waves, or tsunamis, have periods typically from 10 minutes to one hour, wave lengths of several hundreds of kilometers, and mid-ocean heights usually less than half a meter. (See “Constancy of Wave Period” in references below, for more information).As a result of this constant “T”, in deep water, the wave length is constant, but as waves approach a beach the wave length decreases as the square root of the depth.4) Tsunami waves behave like shallow water waves, after they break they surge forth (often for long distances), and then recede again back out into the ocean.Information from the “Scuba Geek” site relating to Tsunamis is as follows:“Wind-generated waves typically have periods from 1 to 25 seconds, wave lengths from 1 to 1000 meters, speeds from 1 to 40 m/s, and heights less than 3 meters. The time between successive crests of waves (The Period “T”) remains constant, irrespective of depth. Their speed is not a function of the wave length, but a function of water depth, and the earth’s gravitational force constant.3) The Wave Period “T” is independent of the water depth.
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